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Preface to First Edition A basic understanding of the earthing arrangements, in both the utility systems and consumer systems, and the principles and functions of low-voltage systems may be more relevant to the practising engineers. The majority of the electrical engineering graduates will possibly encounter more applications in the low-voltage systems. The integration of low-voltage systems into the undergraduate curriculum of electrical engineering is, therefore, timely. This book presents the principles and design of low-voltage systems at both the device and system levels and is written for both practising engineers and undergraduate students. Throughout the book, references are made to the latest international standards. Thus, the up-to-date system requirements, specifications and technical data are made available to help engineers/students in the study as well as hands-on design of various low-voltage systems. The latest code of practice and the IEE Wiring Regulations are discussed and illustrated through a series of comprehensive and interesting application examples. An overview to the utility supply systems and various key issues in the generation, transmission and distribution systems are given in Chapter 1. Characteristics, specifications and the relevant industrial standards for circuit breakers, cables and fuses are covered in Chapters 2, 3 and 5. In each chapter, the latest published IEC and BS standards are referred and application guidelines are included. Methods of system earthing, earthing arrangements in the transmission system and distribution system, and a detailed description of various earthing systems for electrical installations are provided in Chapter 4. Standard design procedures, estimation of design currents and the design of various types of circuits are presented in Chapter 6. Hands-on design exercises of a 400-kVA and 2000-kVA installations are demonstrated together with the supporting calculations that verify the compliance of the requirements of earth fault and overcurrent protections. Sources of fault currents, manual calculations and systematic calculations of the fault current and its distribution using microcomputers are given in Chapter 7 together with a practical case study. Application of the latest techniques of computer-aided design and simulation together with an attempt to automate the teaching and marking process using microcomputers are presented in Chapter 8. The author wishes to acknowledge Miss Alice Chua Mei Fong for putting in considerable effort in the typing and editing of this manuscript. The author would like to thank Dr Duggal B R and Dr Gooi H B for reading through this book and making their useful suggestions. Recognition is also given to Mr. Thomas Foo Mong Keow and Mr. Yeoh Tiow Koon for their effort in compiling the relevant materials and in preparing all the diagrams in this book. The author, in addition, thanks Mr Teo Heng Lam for his good suggestions on the system earthing in Chapter 4. Last but not least, the author thanks Professor Brian Lee for his good foresight in recognising the significance of integrating electrical parts and the relevant standards into the engineering curriculum in 1981. This has provided the opportunity for the author to focus on the development and teaching of low-voltage systems since then. Teo C Y MacRitchie Reservoir / Yunnan Garden
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